The engine data of the following automobiles have been given:

AMBASSADOR  200 DSL AND CONTESSA CLASSIC 2.0 DLX CAR
Manufacturer: Hindustan Motors Limited, India
Type: 4 cylinder, in line, OHC (overhead crankshaft), diesel engine
Bore: 84 mm
Stroke: 90 mm
Capacity: 1995 cc
Compression ratio: 21:l
Maximum Power: 4l kW (55 HP) at 4500 r.p.m.
Maximum Torque: 107.9 Nm (11 kgm) at 2500 r.p.m.
Cooling: Water cooled
Fuel tank capacity: 42 litres (Ambassador), 65 litres (Contessa)

MITSUBISHI LANCER CAR
Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Motors, Japan and Hindustan Motors Ltd., India
Type: 4 cylinder, in line, SOHC, GLXi (Petrol) and GLD (Diesel) engine
Capacity: 1468 cc (petrol), 1998 cc (Diesel)
Maximum Power: 69.4 kW (93 HP) at 5500 RPM (Petrol)
50.7 kW (68 HP) at 4500 RPM (Diesel)
Maximum Torque: 126.5 Nm (12.9 kgm) at 3000 RPM (Petrol) 122.6 Nm 12.5 kgm
at 3000 RPM (Diesel)
Fuel System: ECI Multi (Petrol)
Distributor type injection pump (Diesel)
Fuel tank capacity: 50 litres

ENGINE FOR MITSUBISHI LANCER CEDIA
Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Motors, Japan and Hindustan Motors Ltd; India
Type: 4-cylinder, petrol.
Bore: N.A
Stroke: N.A
Displacement: 1999 CC
Maximum Power: 93.25 kw
Maximum Torque: 173 Nm
Specific output: 46.6 kW/litre
Power to Weight ratio: 84.76 kW/tonne
Torque to Weight ratio: 157 .25 Nm/tonne

MITSUBISHI PAJERO CAR
Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Motors, Japan and Hindustan Motors Ltd., India
Type: 4-cylinder in-line diesel, longitudinal, alloy head, iron block
Bore: 98.5 mm
Stroke: 105.0 mm
Capacity: 3200 cc
Compression ratio: 17.0: 1
Maximum Power: 120 kW (16l BHP) at 3800 rpm
Maximum Torque: 373.8 Nm (38.1 kgm) at 2000 rpm
Power to Weight ratio: 75.76 BHP/tonne
Specific output: 50.31 BHP/litre
Value Gear: 4 valves per cylinder, DOHC
Fuel system: Electronically controlled direct diesel injection, turbocharger
Fuel tank: 90 litres

PREMIER PADMINI ENGINE
Manufacturer: The Premier Automobiles Limited, India.
Engine type: 4 cylinder, in line.
Bore: 68 mm
Stroke: 75 mm
Capacity: 1089 c.c.
Compression ratio: 7.3 1
Brake Power: Maximum output 35.4 kW at 5000 r.p.m.
Cylinder head: Aluminium, with valve seat inserts, overhead valves.
Cylinder block: Cast iron.
Cooling: Cooling water circulated by centrifugal pump.
Lubrication: Forced lubrication with gear pump, by pass oil filter.
Fuel supply: Fuel supplied by mechanic car pump, down draught carburettor with economy settings.
Ignition: Battery ignition system.

PREMIER ROADMASTER ENGINE
Manufacturer: The Premier Automobiles Limited, India.
Engine model and type: 6-354 diesel engine, 6-cylinder, inline.
Bore: 98.4 mm
Stroke: 127 mm
Piston displacement: 5.8 litres
Compression ratio: 16: 1
Brake Power: R.A.C. rating -36.03, Maximum B.p._99.5 kW at 2800 RPM
Torque: Maximum 350 Nm at 1500 r.p.m.
Cooling system: centrifugal pump with 457.2 mm diameter fan. Tubular radiator with effective thermostat. Capacity 20.5 litres. Fuel supply: Direct fuel injection system
Air cleaner: Heavy duty oil bath type with a cyclone type pre-cleaner. This cleaner eliminates heavy dust particles by centrifugal action ensuring only clean air to the engine.
Performance: Curves given in Fig. 18.3 for following reference conditions :
Barometer 74.6 cm Hg.
Temperature 29.4°C
Fuel oil 85 2869 class A
Lubrication oil SAE 20 for temperature-1.1° c to 26.7°C and SAE 30 for 26.7°C and over.

MARUTI.800 ENGINE
Manufacturer: Maruti Udyog Ltd., India
Engine type: 3 cylinder, in-line overhead camshaft, water cooled type.
Bore: 68.5 mm
Stroke: 72.0mm
Piston displacement: 796 c.c.
Compression Ratio: 8.7 1
Firing order: 1-3-2
Maximum Power: 29.5 kW (40 BHP) at 5500 r.p.m. 33.6 kW (45 BHP) at 6000 rpm (Euro II model)
Maximum Torque: 55.9 Nm (5.7 kgm) at 2500 r.p.m. 60.8 Nm (6.2 kgm) at 3000rpm
(Euro II model)
Lubrication: Wet sump
Fuel system: Solex Mikuni 24-30 DIDS (MPFI in Euro II model)
Fuel tank capacity: 30 litres
Air cleaner: Dry type
Ignition: Battery ignition system, Electrnic ignition in Euro II model.

ZEN CAR
Manufacturer: Maruti Udyog Ltd., India
Engine Type: 4-cylinder, transverse, inline, petrol, alloy block and head
Bore: 61.0mm
Stroke: 72.0mm
Displacement: 993 cc
Compression ratio: 9.4+/-0.2
Maximum Power: 44.8 kW (60 BHP) ar 6000 rpm
Maximum Torque: 78.5 Nm (8 kgm) at 4500 rpm
Power to Weight ratio: 78.4 BHP/tonne
Torque to Weight ratio: 10.45 kgm/tonne
Specific Output: 60.4 BHP/litre
Valve Gear: 4 valves per cylinder, SOHC
Ignition and Fuel System: Electronic, MPFI
Fuel capacity/range : 35 litres/595 km
Fuel consumption : 11.2 kmpl (city), 16.2 kpl (highway)

ALTO LX/VX CAR
Manufacturer: Maruti Udyog Ltd., India
Engine Type: 3-cylinder inline, petrol (LX) 4-cylinder inline, petrol (VX) Transverse, iron block and alloy head
Bore: 68.5 mm
Stroke: 72mm
Displacement: 796 cc (LX) ; 1061 cc (VX)

Compression ratio: 9.2+/- 0.2

Maximum Power: 33.6 kW (45 BHP) at 6000 rpm (LX)
46.2 kw (62 BHP) at 6000 rpm (VX)
Maximum Torque: 61.8 Nm (6.3 kgm) at2750 rpm (LX)
81.4 Nm (8.3 kgm) at 4500 rpm (VX)
Power to Weight ratio: 60.81 BHP/tonne (LX),81.5 BHP/tonne (VX)
Torque to Weight ratio: 8.51 kgm/tonne (LX), 10.9 kgm/tonne (VX)
Specific Output: 56.53 BHP/litre (LX) 58.4 BHP/litre (VX)
Valve Gear: 4 valves per cylinder, SOHC
Ignition and Fuel System: Electronic MPFI
Fuel tank capacity: 35 litres
Maximum range: 575 km (LXY560 km (VX)

The reasons why today’s automotive industry is considered a global industry.

When the first automobile rolled down a street over one hundred years ago, life changed. Only the elite owned one of these early horseless carriages, which were a sign of wealth and status. Today, an automobile is a necessity. Most Americans would have a difficult time surviving without a car. We need our cars and we need the automotive industry. Each year millions of new cars and light trucks are produced and sold in North America. The automotive industry’s part in the total . Economy of the United States is second only to the food Industry. Manufacturing selling, and servicing these vehicles is an incredibly large, diverse, and expanding industry. Nearly thirty years ago, America’s “big three” auto-makers-General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler Corporation-dominated the auto industry. That is no longer true. The industry is now a global industry. Auto makers from Japan, Korea, Germany, Sweden, and other European and Asian countries compete with U.S. companies for domestic and foreign sales.

Several foreign manufacturers, such as Honda, operate assembly plants in the United States and Canada. Chrysler Corporation has merged with Mercedes-Benz to Form a new company-DaimlerChrysler. No longer is Chrysler only a domestic car company; this merger has made it a global company. Many more mergers and acquisitions in the future will continue to create global automobile manufacturers. A number of car models are built
jointly by the United States and foreign manufacturers. These vehicles are built in North America to be sold here or exported to other countries. Some of these joint ventures manufacture automobiles overseas and import the vehicles into North America.
This cooperation between manufacturers and the public acceptance of imported vehicles has resulted in an extremely wide selection of vehicles from which customers may choose. This has also created new challenges for automotive technicians that are based on one
simple fact: along with the different models come different systems.

The word automobile comes, via the French automobile, from the Ancient Greek word  (autos, “self”) and the Latin mobilis (“movable”), meaning a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum (“wheeled vehicle”), or the Middle English word carre (“cart”) (from Old North French), or karros (a Gallic wagon).
An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. However, the term automobile is far from precise, because there are many types of vehicles that do similar tasks.

History of the Automobile

Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle (‘auto-mobile’).

Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some[citation needed], who doubt Cugnot’s three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.

Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.

An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888.

The automobile has changed quite a bit since the first horseless carriage went down an American street. In 1896, both Henry Ford and Ransorn Eli Olds test drove their first gasoline-powered vehicles. This is the same year that is credited as the beginning of the automotive industry not because of what Ford or Olds did, but because the Duryea Brothers by 1896 had made thirteen cars in their factory which was the first to make cars for customers.

In the beginning the automobile looked like the horse-

drawn carriage it was designed to replace . In fact, for many years most cars looked like carriages. In 1919, 90% of the cars had carriage like open bodies. Although body styles changed, cars continued to have Carriage like features. It was not until l919 that running

boards, began disappearing. In fact, some very popular cars in the 1960s and 1 970s (such as the Volkswagen Beetle) still had them.

These early cars had rear-mounted engines and very tall tires. They were designed to move people down dirt roads. The automobile changed to meet new conditions:

roads were improved and became paved, more people owned cars, manufacturers tried to sell more cars, concern for safety and the environment grew and new technology was developed. Because of all of these changes, the automobile became more practical, more affordable, safer, more comfortable, more dependable, and faster. Although many improvements have been made to the original design, the basic structure of the automobile has changed very little.

Nearly all of today’s cars still use gasoline engines to drive two or more wheels. A steering system is used to control the direction of the car. A brake system is used to slow down and stop the car. A suspension system is used to absorb road shocks and help the driver maintain control on bumpy roads. The parts of these major systems are mounted on steel frames and the frame is covered with body panels. These panels give the car its shape and protect those inside from the weather and dirt. The body panels also offer some protection for the passengers if the automobile is in an accident.

Although the basics of an automobile have changed little in the past 100 years, the parts and the control systems have changed greatly. The entire automobile is technologically light years ahead of Ford’s and Olds’s early models. The use of new technology has changed the slow, unreliable, user-hostile vehicles of the early 1900s into vehicles that travel at very high speeds, operate trouble-free for thousands of miles, and provide comforts that even the rich had not dreamed of in 1896.

In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a “New Rational Combustion Engine”. In 1897 he built the first Diesel Engine. Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.

DESIGN EVOLUTION

Not too long ago, nearly every car and truck built in America was built with body-over-frame construction, rear-wheel drive, and symmetrical designs. Today, most cars,
do not have a separate frame; instead, the frame and body are built as a single unit, called a uni-body. In 1977, when most cars were built on a frame, the average weight of a
gar-was 4,500 pounds ( 16,800 kg). Today, because of uni-body construction and changes in materials, the average weight is 5,000 pounds (1,120 kg).Most trucks are still
built on a frame.
Another major influence on design was the switch from rear-wheel drive to front-wheel drive. Making this switch accomplished many things. The most notable benefits of front-wheel drive are improved traction for the drive wheels, increased interior space, shorter hood lines, and a very  compact driveline. Because of the weight and loads pickup trucks are designed to move, they remain rear-wheel drive.
Perhaps the most obvious design change through the years has been in body styles. Body styles have changed in response to the other design considerations and to
trends of the day. For example, in the 1 950s America had a strange preoccupation with the unknown, outer space; this led to cars that had rocket like fins. Since then fins have disappeared and body styles have become more rounded to reduce air drag.
The modern auto industry is a global industry involving vehicle and parts manufacturers from many countries.
Electronic computer controls are found on many auto systems, such as engines, ignition systems, transmissions, steering systems, and suspensions. The use of electronics in automobiles is increasing rapidly.
The increasing complexity of vehicles, the increasing age of vehicles on the road, and the need to comply with federal laws concerning emission control and mileage are three reasons the need for quality service technicians is increasing.
Preventive maintenance is extremely important in keeping today’s vehicles in good working order.
New car dealerships, independent service shops, specialty service shops, fleet operators, and many other businesses are in great need of qualified service technicians.
A solid background in auto technology may be the basis for many other types of careers within the industry. Some examples are parts management, collision damage appraisal, sales, and marketing positions. Besides learning technical and mechanical skills, service technicians must learn to work as part of a team. As an employee, you will have certain responsibilities to both your employer and customers.
Customer relations is an extremely important part of doing business. Professional, courteous treatment of customers and their vehicles is a must.
Training in auto technology is available from many types of secondary and vocational and technical schools. Auto manufacturers also have cooperative programs with schools to ensure that graduates understand modern systems and the equipment to service them.
Dramatic changes to the automobile have occurred over the last 35 years, including the addition of emission control systems, more fuel-efficient and cleaner-
burning engines, and lighter body weight.
In addition to being lighter than body-over-frame vehicles, uni-bodies offer better occupant protection by distributing impact forces throughout the vehicle.
Today’s computerized engine control systems regulate such things as air and fuel delivery ignition timing, and emissions. The result is an increase in overall efficiency.
All automobile engines are classified as internal combustion, because the burning of the fuel and air occurs inside the engine. Diesel engines share the same major parts as gasoline engines, but they do not use a spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
The cooling system maintains proper engine temperatures. Liquid cooling is more efficient than air cooling and more commonly used.
The lubrication system distributes motor oil through out the engine. This system also contains the oil filter necessary to remove dirt and other foreign matter from the oil.
The fuel system is responsible not only for fuel storage and delivery but also for atomizing and mixing it with the air in the correct proportion.
The exhaust system has three primary purposes: to channel toxic exhaust away from the passenger compartment, to quiet the exhaust pulses, and to bum the emissions in the exhaust.
The electrical system of an automobile includes the ignition, starting, charging, and lighting systems. Electronic engine controls regulate these systems very accurately through the use of microcomputers.
Modern automatic transmissions use a computer to match the demand for acceleration with engine speed, wheel speed, and load conditions. It then chooses the proper gear ratio and, if necessary initiates a gear change.